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从因为胎盘衰竭而患病胎儿身上搜寻分子求救信标 | BMC Medicine |
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论文标题:Circulating mRNAs are differentially expressed in pregnancies with severe placental insufficiency and at high risk of stillbirth
期刊:BMC Medicine
作者:Natalie J. Hannan, Owen Stock et al.
发表时间:2020/05/22
DOI:10.1186/s12916-020-01605-x
微信链接:点击此处阅读微信文章
严重的胎儿生长受限虽然罕见,但也是最危险的产科并发症之一。这就需要临床医生根据超声检查做出决定,以避免死产。Stephen Tong教授是发表在BMC Medicine上的一篇新文章的作者,他解释了他的团队如何在寻找新工具的过程中,利用分子诊断技术提高此类测试的准确性。
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胎盘也许看起来不甚可爱,但却发挥着美妙的作用。它不断地为发育中的胎儿提供氧气和营养,让其吮吸,助其排泄,以维持生命。
尽管大多数胎盘都非常可靠,但仍有一些因功能欠佳而造成胎盘功能不全。这种情况下的胎儿由于缺乏营养,其生长速度会减慢,从而在子宫内变得“生长受限”或是个头很小。
这种情况反映了胎盘功能不全,所以胎儿生长受限与死产风险有很大关联。胎龄校正后,低于第10百分位数体重的胎儿的死亡风险是正常胎儿的3-4倍。幸运的是,大多数的胎儿生长受限发生在足月妊娠期,这意味着他们已到达足够成熟的发育阶段,所以可以在死产前进行分娩。
铤而走险,避免死产
严重的胎儿生长受限,例如在妊娠32周之前出现的生长受限,对胎儿来说是最危险的产科并发症之一。由于严重的胎盘功能不全,死产的风险极高。所幸这种情况非常罕见,但仍旧有0.2-0.5%的概率在孕期出现。在这种罕见的情况下,临床医生必须判断最佳的分娩时间。他们需要在继续妊娠造成死产的可能性与不必要的早产之间做出权衡。为了帮助他们做出这些高风险的决定,他们用超声波来进行胎儿健康测试,以确定胎儿严重缺氧(低氧)的可能性。
© jeffhochstrasser / Getty Images / iStock
尽管超声波对胎儿缺氧的监测确实改善了围产期的结果,但这种方法缺乏准确性。因此亟需新的临床工具来提高现有测试的准确性。然而,三十年来超声领域的深入研究告诉我们,对于这种诊断方式来说,它无法做得更好。
改变策略,转向分子诊断
不寻常的方法带来的新发现
现在人们意识到,很多器官,包括胎盘,都向血液中释放定量的信使RNA(mRNA), 让我们对其进行采样和测量。
我们召集了一个由研究人员和专科医生组成的团队,他们负责领导和管理澳大利亚和新西兰的高危妊娠转诊部门,并从128例生长受限的早产胎儿病例中采集了血液样本。
在我们的研究设计中,一个不同寻常之处是需在剖腹产手术前2小时完成血液样本的采集。我们同时将母亲血液中的mRNA谱图与出生时脐带血的pH值进行了匹配, 来回顾性地分析胎儿在子宫最后时刻的氧合情况)。所以我们需要在病人被推入手术室之前,在麻醉舱完成血液采集。我们用咖啡代金券为酬劳,请麻醉师在静脉点滴刚刚开始后立刻从中抽取多一点的血液。在研究结束时,一位笑容满面的麻醉师曾给我展示了她满满一钱包的咖啡代金券!
© selvanegra / Getty Images / iStock
另一个创新的方面在于,我们在最初的探索阶段,对所有200多个样本,包括病人和对照组,都进行了RNA测序。这简直是一项勇敢而昂贵的任务。
我们发现,相比于健康妊娠,生长受限严重早产的妊娠中明显有更大量的循环mRNA。重要的是,我们继续在一个来自帝国理工学院的新的女性群体和一小群怀孕却不幸遭遇死产但乐于助人的女性中验证了这些发现。
死产风险检测的未来
一项特别有希望的候选方法是基于一个不甚知名的编码基因,emp1。它的循环mRNA水平与严重胎盘功能不全相关的许多临床参数关联紧密。事实上,它可能是与胎盘功能不全和死产的联系最紧密的循环分子。
接下来的步骤是进行更多的研究,以查看EMP1 mRNA或其他主要候选基因是否能够进一步提高现有临床测试的准确性。我们可以预见,当超声结果不能告诉我们胎儿缺氧的程度时,在血液中循环的EMP1 mRNA或其他分子的水平可以挺身而出告诉我们答案。
如果这种分子诊断方法被成功开发,死产率便会降低。不仅如此,一个“胎儿正常”的测试结果也会使临床医生更有信心,让一些胎儿尽可能在子宫内久留, 而不因为今天的技术做出过于保守的判断,让这些胎儿提前分娩。一种能够使我们让妊娠安全继续的工具,将降低由于不必要的早产而造成的医源性严重并发症,也会极大地改善这些脆弱生命的围产期和终身健康。
摘要:
Background
Fetuses affected by placental insufficiency do not receive adequate nutrients and oxygenation, become growth restricted and acidemic, and can demise. Preterm fetal growth restriction is a severe form of placental insufficiency with a high risk of stillbirth. We set out to identify maternal circulating mRNA transcripts that are differentially expressed in preterm pregnancies complicated by very severe placental insufficiency, in utero fetal acidemia, and are at very high risk of stillbirth.
Methods
We performed a cohort study across six hospitals in Australia and New Zealand, prospectively collecting blood from 128 pregnancies complicated by preterm fetal growth restriction (delivery < 34 weeks’ gestation) and 42 controls. RNA-sequencing was done on all samples to discover circulating mRNAs associated with preterm fetal growth restriction and fetal acidemia in utero. We used RT-PCR to validate the associations between five lead candidate biomarkers of placental insufficiency in an independent cohort from Europe (46 with preterm fetal growth restriction) and in a third cohort of pregnancies ending in stillbirth.
Results
In the Australia and New Zealand cohort, we identified five mRNAs that were highly differentially expressed among pregnancies with preterm fetal growth restriction: NR4A2,EMP1, PGM5, SKIL, and UGT2B1. Combining three yielded an area under the receiver operative curve (AUC) of 0.95. Circulating NR4A2 and RCBTB2 in the maternal blood were dysregulated in the presence of fetal acidemia in utero. We validated the association between preterm fetal growth restriction and circulating EMP1, NR4A2, and PGM5 mRNA in a cohort from Europe. Combining EMP1 and PGM5 identified fetal growth restriction with an AUC of 0.92. Several of these genes were differentially expressed in the presence of ultrasound parameters that reflect placental insufficiency. Circulating NR4A2, EMP1, and RCBTB2mRNA were differentially regulated in another cohort destined for stillbirth, compared to ongoing pregnancies. EMP1 mRNA appeared to have the most consistent association with placental insufficiency in all cohorts.
Conclusions
Measuring circulating mRNA offers potential as a test to identify pregnancies with severe placental insufficiency and at very high risk of stillbirth. Circulating mRNA EMP1 may be promising as a biomarker of severe placental insufficiency.
(来源:科学网)
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