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��ߣ�Kai Finster �ڿ��ѧ�� ʱ�䣺2008-12-9 9:17:21

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�Դ��෢��Զ��Ǳ��Ŀ��Ծ�һֱ�⵽��ɣ�һЩ��ѧ��Ϊ��Ǳ��ڴ��ļ��ڻ��棬��ѧ��ƹ۲⵽��Ǳ��ż��Ա仯��磺18��ͣ��·��л��(William Herschel)��Ϊ��Ǳ��谵�ĵط��Ǻ��ĵط��½�ء��Ʋ��ǻ��棬��Щ�ǻ��ƫ��Ƶ����19��ͣ��·�ݶ��(William Whewell)�ó��ۣ��Ǳ��ɫ��ͺ�ɫ½�ء�1877��ѧ��Ƿ��·��(Giovanni Schiaparelli)�Ի��ǵ��Զ��۲��ȴ��Ϊ��Ǵ��“ͨ��”��Ӷ��ѧ��Ϊ��Ǵ��űȵ��Ƚ��

1964�꣬“ˮ��4��”̫�շɴ��ֻ��һ��ӡ����ǣ��ȥ��һ��ʺ��ס��ǰ��õĻ��ǿ��ȴ��ֻ��ϴ��Һ̬ˮ��֤�ݣ��Ӷ��¿�ѧ��ǲ²��Ƿ��ϸ��ȼ��ʽ��ܴ��ڻ��ǡ��ϡ��Ĵ��ֻ�ܺ��ٵ��ֹ��̫��к��ߣ�ͬʱ��ȸ�ʴ�Ի�ѧ��ʽ��Ի��Ǳ��ɱ��ã��˿�ѧ��Լ��ϣ��Ϊ��Ǳ��֮�´��塣

��ѧ��ڵ��Ͻ��еĻ��ǻ��ģ��ʵ��ʼ��1958�꣬Ŀǰ��¶��˹��ѧ��Ȼ��ѧϵһ֧��ѧ��о�С��һϵ��ģ��ʵ�飬��Ϊϸ��ȷ��Ҵ��ڻ��֮�С�

�о�С�鹹��һ��ǻ��ģ��(MESCH)��ʹ��ձý��ڵĿ��գ��û��ϡ��Ļ��壬��ģ��Ǵ��㡣��ڻ��˫��Һ̬��ȴ��ģ��ҹ��¶��װ��Ĳ��Ա�ͨ��һ��С��ģ��еĸ��У�Ȼ��һ��ת��н��ת��һ�ؽ�ÿ��¶��믹��ͷŵ��¡��ֶ��ѭ��佫��¶��ߺͽ��ͣ��Ӷ��ɹ��ģ��˻��ÿ��¶ȱ仯��о��Ա��ģ��“��”��ӽ��ȡ��ⶨ��㷢��á�

��ٴ�ѧ�о�ѧ��о��ѧ�ҿ��·��˹(Clifford A. Cerbus)��վ��Ϻ��о�ʵ��Ҵ��20��Ŀռ价��ģ��ϵͳ�о��ʾ�Լ��ǳ��ע��ǻ��ģ��ʹ�õ�믹��Ʋ��ĸ�ǿ��ߣ��ǿ��ǵִ��̫��35��Ȼ��ʵ�ּ��ٲ��ԣ��ģ�⻷��¼��Сʱ��൱�ڻ��ϼ��ʱ�䣬Ŀǰ��˹��ܷ��Ǳ��ʵ�ʷ��

��ǻ��ģ��о�С��Ա��·��˹��(Kai Finster)��˵��“��ȷ�Ǹ��⣬��Ѽƻ��һ��ǿ�ȣ��Ҳ��Ϊ��Դ�ɱ��Ϊ��ͬ�Ĺ��׻�ǿ�ȣ��̫��ģ��͵��ߵƣ�Ȼ��һ��ʵ��У��Ƿ��ܹ��۲⵽�κ�Ӱ�졣”

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�о�С��о��ʾ��¶��ģ��ǻ��80��ʱ��2��ϴ��ɱ��״̬��30��״��ϸ��ȴ“��Ӱ��”��ڼ��ġ��ѧ��־�ϣ��о��ʾ��ĳЩ��ʽ��ܹ��ڻ��Ǳ��֮�¡��Դ��˿Ƽ� κ��

��ѧ�� Astrobiology��June 1, 2008, 8(3): 537-548.��Lars Liengaard Jensen��Kai Finster��

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