Science, 7 MAR 2025, VOL 387, ISSUE 6738

《科学》2025年3月7日，第387卷，6738期

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医学Medicine

Protein codes promote selective subcellular compartmentalization

蛋白质代码促进选择性亚细胞区室化

▲ 作者：HENRY R. KILGORE, ITAMAR CHINN et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq2634

▲摘要：

本研究中，我们展示了具有共享功能的蛋白质共享氨基酸序列代码，这些代码指导它们到达各自的亚细胞区室。我们开发了一种蛋白质语言模型ProtGPS，能高效预测训练集之外的人类蛋白质的区室定位。ProtGPS成功指导了选择性在核仁中组装的新型蛋白质序列的生成。

ProtGPS还识别出了改变这一代码并导致蛋白质亚细胞定位改变的病理突变。我们的结果表明，蛋白质序列不仅包含折叠代码，还包含一个先前未被识别的代码，该代码控制它们向不同亚细胞区室的分布。

▲ Abstract：

In this study, we demonstrate that proteins with shared functions share amino acid sequence codes that guide them to compartment destinations. We developed a protein language model, ProtGPS, that predicts with high performance the compartment localization of human proteins excluded from the training set. ProtGPS successfully guided generation of novel protein sequences that selectively assemble in the nucleolus. ProtGPS identified pathological mutations that change this code and lead to altered subcellular localization of proteins. Our results indicate that protein sequences contain not only a folding code but also a previously unrecognized code governing their distribution to diverse subcellular compartments.

材料科学Materials Science

Mandrel-free fabrication of giant spring-index and stroke muscles for diverse applications

用于多样化应用的无芯轴制造巨型弹簧指数和行程肌肉

▲ 作者：MENGMENG ZHANG, SHAOLI FANG et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr6708

▲摘要：

制造高弹簧指数聚合物纤维或纱线肌肉的方法通常需要昂贵的芯轴缠绕工艺，这限制了它们的实际应用。我们展示了一种低成本的无芯轴方法，用于制造弹簧指数可超过50且收缩拉伸行程超过97%的聚合物肌肉。该方法通过改变捻度使弹簧指数沿肌肉长度变化，从而在加热或冷却时实现肌肉在同手性和异手性之间的转变。

我们展示了这些聚合物肌肉在机器人中的应用以及环境驱动的舒适调节夹克中的应用。这种无芯轴方法还被用于制造高弹簧指数的碳纳米管纱线，用于机械能量收集器、自供电应变传感器以及溶剂驱动和电化学驱动的人工肌肉。

▲ Abstract：

Methods for making high-spring-index polymer fiber or yarn muscles have required expensive fabrication by wrapping around a mandrel, which limits their practical applications. We demonstrate an inexpensive mandrel-free method for making polymer muscles that can have a spring index of >50 and a contractile tensile stroke exceeding 97%. This method enables the spring index to be varied along a muscle’s length by varying the plying twist, resulting in muscles that transition between homochiral and heterochiral when either heated or cooled. We demonstrate use of these polymer muscles for robots and environmentally driven comfort-adjusting jackets. This mandrel-free method was used to make high-spring-index carbon nanotube yarns for mechanical energy harvesters, self-powered strain sensors, and solvent-driven and electrochemically driven artificial muscles.

地球科学Earth Science

Tropical forests in the Americas are changing too slowly to track climate change

美洲热带森林变化速度太慢，无法跟上气候的变化

▲ 作者：JESúS AGUIRRE-GUTIéRREZ, SANDRA DíAZ et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl5414

▲摘要：

在此，我们探究了美洲热带森林近几十年来如何因气候变化而发生群落特征组成的变化。根据历史特征与气候的关系，我们发现，总体而言，基于观察到的气候变化，我们研究得出的功能特征显示出不到预期值8%的变化。

然而，新群落显示出相对于气候变化预期的21%的变化。地球上生物多样性最丰富的森林正在经历功能特征组成的变化，但其变化速度根本不足以跟上气候变化的步伐。

▲ Abstract：

Here, we examined how tropical forests of the Americas have shifted community trait composition in recent decades as a response to changes in climate. Based on historical trait-climate relationships, we found that, overall, the studied functional traits show shifts of less than 8% of what would be expected given the observed changes in climate. However, the recruit assemblage shows shifts of 21% relative to climate change expectation. The most diverse forests on Earth are changing in functional trait composition but at a rate that is fundamentally insufficient to track climate change.

Upslope plant species shifts in Mesoamerican cloud forests driven by climate and land use change

中美洲云雾林的植物因气候和土地利用变化而向高海拔迁移

▲ 作者：SANTIAGO RAM REZ-BARAHONA, NGELA P. CUERVO-ROBAYO et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn2559

▲摘要：

全球变化正在驱动世界范围内的生物多样性变化。然而在生物多样性极高的热带地区，这些变化却鲜为人知。在热带山区，植物大多预期会因气候变暖而向高海拔迁移。为了验证这一点，我们利用过去三十年的物种出现记录，分析了中美洲云雾林物种海拔范围的变化。

我们的研究结果显示，自1979年以来，较不耐热的山地物种平均每年向高海拔迁移1.8至2.7米。由于物种不同程度地暴露于森林砍伐和气候变化的影响之下，这些迁移大多伴随着物种分布上下界限的退缩。我们的研究结果凸显了云雾林在全球变化下的脆弱性，以及加强对物种响应进行监测的紧迫性。

▲ Abstract：

Global change drives biodiversity shifts worldwide, but these shifts are poorly understood in highly diverse tropical regions. In tropical mountains, plants are mostly expected to migrate upslope in response to warming. To assess this, we analyze shifts in elevation ranges of species in Mesoamerican cloud forests using three decades of species’ occurrence records. Our findings reveal a mean upslope shift of 1.8 to 2.7 meters per year since 1979 driven by the upslope retreat of the less thermophilic montane species. These shifts are mostly accompanied by retreating lower and upper edges attributed to varying degrees of species’ exposure to deforestation and climate change. Our results highlight the vulnerability of cloud forests under global change and the urgency to increase monitoring of species’ responses.

生物学Biology

Historic manioc genomes illuminate maintenance of diversity under long-lived clonal cultivation

木薯基因组揭示了长期无性繁殖栽培下多样性的维持情况

▲ 作者：LOGAN KISTLER, FABIO DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq0018

▲摘要：

木薯又称树薯和尤卡，起源于全新世早期的南美洲，是世界上最重要的作物之一。为了驯化其淀粉质根部，木薯几乎完全从有性繁殖转变为了无性繁殖。现在全球几乎所有的木薯都是通过茎插条种植的。在这项工研究中，我们分析了573个新的和已发表的木薯基因组，重点关注来自美洲的传统品种和来自植物标本馆的野生近缘种，以揭示这种向无性繁殖转变的影响。

我们观察到长距离的亲缘关系、高遗传多样性的维持、代际杂合性的富集以及连接全球所有木薯的遗传同源单倍型块的基因组嵌合体。与巴西塞拉多土著传统农民的访谈揭示了传统管理策略如何通过维持、多样化和共享基因库来塑造木薯的多样性。

▲ Abstract：

Manioc—also called cassava and yuca—is among the world’s most important crops, originating in South America in the early Holocene. Domestication for its starchy roots involved a near-total shift from sexual to clonal propagation, and almost all manioc worldwide is now grown from stem cuttings. In this work, we analyze 573 new and published genomes, focusing on traditional varieties from the Americas and wild relatives from herbaria, to reveal the effects of this shift to clonality. We observe kinship over large distances, maintenance of high genetic diversity, intergenerational heterozygosity enrichment, and genomic mosaics of identity-by-descent haploblocks that connect all manioc worldwide. Interviews with Indigenous traditional farmers in the Brazilian Cerrado illuminate how traditional management strategies for sustaining, diversifying, and sharing the gene pool have shaped manioc diversity.

动物学Zoology

Rapid butterfly declines across the United States during the 21st century

美国蝴蝶数量在21世纪急剧下降

▲ 作者：COLLIN B. EDWARDS, ELISE F. ZIPKIN et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp4671

▲摘要：

众多昆虫群体的数量下降已被记录下来，并且，这一情况的潜在后果是严重的。蝴蝶是最广受调查的昆虫类群，然而对其的分析往往受限于地理范围或依赖于单一监测项目的数据。利用来自35个监测项目的超过76000次调查中记录的1260万只蝴蝶的数据，我们描绘了美国本土蝴蝶总体及特定物种的丰度趋势。

2000年至2020年间，记录的554种蝴蝶的总丰度下降了22%。物种层面的下降普遍存在，下降的物种数量是增加的物种数量的13倍。美国所有地区蝴蝶数量普遍下降的现象凸显了保护蝴蝶免遭进一步损失的紧迫性。

▲ Abstract：

Numerous declines have been documented across insect groups, and the potential consequences of insect losses are dire. Butterflies are the most surveyed insect taxa, yet analyses have been limited in geographic scale or rely on data from a single monitoring program. Using records of 12.6 million individual butterflies from >76,000 surveys across 35 monitoring programs, we characterized overall and species-specific butterfly abundance trends across the contiguous United States. Between 2000 and 2020, total butterfly abundance fell by 22% across the 554 recorded species. Species-level declines were widespread, with 13 times as many species declining as increasing. The prevalence of declines throughout all regions in the United States highlights an urgent need to protect butterflies from further losses.