英国国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）Catherine A. Sayer团队近期取得重要工作进展，他们研究指出四分之一的淡水动物面临灭绝威胁。相关研究成果2025年1月8日在线发表于《自然》杂志上。

据介绍，淡水生态系统具有高度的生物多样性，对人们的生计和经济发展十分重要，但却面临着巨大的压力。迄今为止，全球性的物种灭绝风险综合评估尚未涵盖任何主要生活在淡水中的物种丰富的类群。因此，主要来自陆生四足动物的数据被用于指导环境政策的制定以及确定保护优先次序，而近期针对淡水环境设定目标的提议则使用非生物因素。然而，有证据表明，这类数据不足以体现淡水物种的需求，也难以实现生物多样性目标。

研究人员展示了一项针对世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）濒危物种红色名录中多个类群的全球淡水动物群评估结果，该评估涵盖了23496种十足目甲壳动物、鱼类和蜻蜓目昆虫，发现其中四分之一的物种面临灭绝威胁。普遍存在的威胁包括污染、水坝建设与取水、农业活动以及外来物种入侵，过度捕捞也导致了物种灭绝。

研究人员还分析了濒危四足动物以及淡水非生物因素（水资源压力和氮含量）对于濒危淡水物种的替代程度。在确定优先保护地点以实现稀有度加权丰富度最大化时，濒危四足动物是较好的替代指标，但在依据分布范围最受限的物种来确定优先次序时，其替代效果则较差。不过，它们作为替代指标要远比非生物因素好得多，非生物因素的表现甚至比随机选择还差。

因此，尽管为保护四足动物所确定的全球优先区域，大致能反映出淡水动物群的优先保护区域，但鉴于关键威胁和栖息地方面存在差异，不能认为满足四足动物的需求，就足以在局部范围内保护好淡水物种。

附：英文原文

Title: One-quarter of freshwater fauna threatened with extinction

Author: Sayer, Catherine A., Fernando, Eresha, Jimenez, Randall R., Macfarlane, Nicholas B. W., Rapacciuolo, Giovanni, Bhm, Monika, Brooks, Thomas M., Contreras-MacBeath, Topiltzin, Cox, Neil A., Harrison, Ian, Hoffmann, Michael, Jenkins, Richard, Smith, Kevin G., Vi, Jean-Christophe, Abbott, John C., Allen, David J., Allen, Gerald R., Barrios, Violeta, Boudot, Jean-Pierre, Carrizo, Savrina F., Charvet, Patricia, Clausnitzer, Viola, Congiu, Leonardo, Crandall, Keith A., Cumberlidge, Neil, Cuttelod, Annabelle, Dalton, James, Daniels, Adam G., De Grave, Sammy, De Knijf, Geert, Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Dow, Rory A., Freyhof, Jrg, Garca, Nieves, Gessner, Joern, Getahun, Abebe, Gibson, Claudine, Gollock, Matthew J., Grant, Michael I., Groom, Alice E. R., Hammer, Michael P., Hammerson, Geoffrey A., Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hodgkinson, Laurel, Holland, Robert A., Jabado, Rima W., Juffe Bignoli, Diego, Kalkman, Vincent J., Karimov, Bakhtiyor K., Kipping, Jens, Kottelat, Maurice, Laly, Philippe A., Larson, Helen K., Lintermans, Mark, Lozano, Federico, Ludwig, Arne, Lyons, Timothy J., Miz-Tom, Laura, Molur, Sanjay, Ng, Heok Hee, Numa, Catherine, Palmer-Newton, Amy F., Pike, Charlotte, Pippard, Helen E., Polaz, Carla N. M., Pollock, Caroline M., Raghavan, Rajeev, Rand, Peter S., Ravelomanana, Tsilavina, Reis, Roberto E., Rigby, Cassandra L., Scott, Janet A., Skelton, Paul H.

Issue&Volume: 2025-01-08

Abstract: Freshwater ecosystems are highly biodiverse1 and important for livelihoods and economic development2, but are under substantial stress3. To date, comprehensive global assessments of extinction risk have not included any speciose groups primarily living in freshwaters. Consequently, data from predominantly terrestrial tetrapods4,5 are used to guide environmental policy6 and conservation prioritization7, whereas recent proposals for target setting in freshwaters use abiotic factors8,9,10,11,12,13. However, there is evidence14,15,16,17 that such data are insufficient to represent the needs of freshwater species and achieve biodiversity goals18,19. Here we present the results of a multi-taxon global freshwater fauna assessment for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species covering 23,496 decapod crustaceans, fishes and odonates, finding that one-quarter are threatened with extinction. Prevalent threats include pollution, dams and water extraction, agriculture and invasive species, with overharvesting also driving extinctions. We also examined the degree of surrogacy of both threatened tetrapods and freshwater abiotic factors (water stress and nitrogen) for threatened freshwater species. Threatened tetrapods are good surrogates when prioritizing sites to maximize rarity-weighted richness, but poorer when prioritizing based on the most range-restricted species. However, they are much better surrogates than abiotic factors, which perform worse than random. Thus, although global priority regions identified for tetrapod conservation are broadly reflective of those for freshwater faunas, given differences in key threats and habitats, meeting the needs of tetrapods cannot be assumed sufficient to conserve freshwater species at local scales.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08375-z

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08375-z