《自然》（20261105出版）一周论文导读

编译｜冯维维

Nature,5 November 2026,Volume 659 Issue 8139

《自然》，2026年11月5日，第659卷，8139期

生态学Ecology

Drought and disease trigger novel interactions among top predators

干旱与疾病触发顶级捕食者之间的新型相互作用

▲ 作者：Fabrizio Sergio, Haruki Natsukawa, Alessandro Tanferna, Javier Chicano, Francisco Carro, Ramón C. Soriguer, Fernando Hiraldo & Julio Blas

▲链接：

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11194-z

▲摘要：

物种间的相互作用日益被认为是气候变化影响生态系统的关键决定因素。然而，人们对气候扰动如何影响顶级脊椎捕食者之间的相互作用知之甚少。

研究表明，当一种新发疾病导致共享猎物（兔子）减少后，在数十年中性共存之后，一种哺乳类食肉动物（猞猁）开始大量捕食一种顶级猛禽（鸢）。

这些捕食事件仅发生在干旱条件下，且当猞猁在猛禽巢下发现兔子残骸时发生，这与去除潜在竞争者的情况一致。干旱诱导的猞猁捕食压低了猛禽的终生繁殖成功率，并触发了其领域放弃和扩散，暗示捕食者之间出现了新的军备竞赛。

猛禽丰度的减少与一种食虫鸟类（一种小猫头鹰）的增加相关，表明这种新相互作用有可能波及更低营养级。这些结果强调了食性灵活性和移动性作为应激源韧性重要中介因素的重要性。

未来，多种人为应激源的协同效应可能重塑许多顶级捕食者的相互作用和生态角色，并对整个生态系统产生潜在级联后果。预测全球变化未来影响的关键，可能在于理解行为灵活性和相互作用的基石物种如何响应相互作用的冲击。

▲ Abstract：

Interactions among species are increasingly recognized as key determinants of climate change impacts on ecosystems. However, we know little about how climatic perturbations affect interactions among top vertebrate predators. Here we show that, when an emergent disease caused the decline of shared prey (rabbits), after decades of neutral co-existence a mammalian carnivore (lynx) started to prey heavily on a top predatory raptor (kites). These predation bouts occurred exclusively under drought conditions and when lynx found rabbit remains under the raptor nests, consistent with the removal of a potential competitor. Drought-induced lynx predation depressed lifetime reproductive success and triggered territory abandonment and dispersal by the raptor, suggestive of a new arms race among predators. A reduction in raptor abundance was associated with an increase in an insectivorous bird (a small owl), showing that the new interaction had the potential to reach lower trophic levels. These results underline the importance of diet flexibility and mobility as important mediators of resilience to stressors. In the future, synergistic effects of multiple anthropogenic stressors may reshape the interactions and ecological roles of many apex predators, with potential cascading consequences for whole ecosystems. A key to forecasting the future impact of global change may reside in understanding how behavioural flexibility and interacting keystone species respond to interacting shocks.

化学物理Chemical Physics

Additive manufacturing of ultralong and architected single crystals

超长、结构化单晶的增材制造

▲ 作者：Changmeng Liu, Yinan Cui, Jiachen Wang, Xiao Han, Zhongao Ji, Zhun Liang, Chongle Zhang, Jaime Marian, Zixiang Li, Tao Lu, Tianqiu Xu, Jinyu Zhang, Wei Cui, Wei Liu, Daining Fang & Y. Morris Wang

▲链接：

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11185-0

▲摘要：

单晶材料对于高性能应用不可或缺，然而其部署仍受制于依赖严格准稳态热条件的传统制造技术。这一要求与增材制造固有的强烈循环热波动从根本上相冲突，历来阻碍了大型或结构化单晶的3D打印。

研究者提出一种自由形式增材制造方法，通过精细控制的交替和脉冲热输入来调控和引导单晶生长，从而解决了这一矛盾。

利用该方法，他们展示了米级高度、厘米级直径的单晶Ti-6Al-4V的制造，还首次制造出包含复杂锯齿状韧带结构的单晶点阵结构，有效消除了单晶构件的理论尺寸限制。

所得块体单晶Ti-6Al-4V的蠕变抗力相较标准晶粒尺寸标度预测提高了一个数量级，这归因于晶界的协同消除以及增材制造诱导的分级α/β架构对位错密度、迁移率和空洞演化的调控。

此外，研究者通过打印难以加工的难熔金属单晶（包括W、Mo、Nb和MoNb合金）证明了该技术的广泛适用性。该工作提出了一种大规模单晶增材制造方法，扩展了可及的材料库，并实现了经典方法此前无法获得的高性能复杂几何结构。

▲ Abstract：

Single-crystal materials are indispensable for high-performance applications, yet their deployment remains constrained by conventional manufacturing techniques that depend on strict quasi-steady thermal conditions1. This requirement fundamentally conflicts with the intense cyclic thermal fluctuations inherent to additive manufacturing2, historically preventing the 3D printing of large or architected single crystals. Here we present a free-form additive manufacturing approach that resolves this contradiction by using delicately controlled alternating and pulsed heat inputs to govern and direct single-crystal growth. Using this method, we demonstrate the fabrication of metre-tall, centimetre-diameter single-crystal Ti-6Al-4V alongside, to our knowledge, the first single-crystal lattice structures containing complex zigzag ligaments, effectively eliminating theoretical size constraints for single-crystal components. The resulting bulk single-crystal Ti-6Al-4V exhibits an order-of-magnitude increase in creep resistance over standard grain-size scaling predictions, driven by the synergistic elimination of grain boundaries and an additive manufacturing-induced hierarchical α/β-architecture that regulates dislocation density, mobility and void evolution. Furthermore, we demonstrate the broad applicability of this technique by printing single crystals of hard-to-process refractory metals, including W, Mo, Nb and MoNb alloys. Our work introduces a large-scale method for single-crystal?additive manufacturing, expanding the accessible materials library and enabling high-performance, complex geometries previously unattainable by classical methods.

Time-reversal-symmetry-breaking spin injection from a compensated magnet

来自补偿磁体的时间反演对称性破缺自旋注入

▲ 作者：Jone Mencos, Antonin Badura, Eoin Dolan, Sebastian Beckert, Rafael González-Hernández, Nicolás Sigales, Tim Kokkeler, Isma?la Kounta, Matthieu Petit, Charles Guillemard, Anna Birk Hellenes, Warlley Campos, Javier Rial, Dominik Kriegner, Vincent Baltz, Luis E. Hueso, Jairo Sinova, F. Sebastian Bergeret, Olena Gomonay, Tomá? Jungwirth, Libor ?mejkal, Lisa Michez, Helena Reichlova & Fèlix Casanova

▲链接：

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11227-7

▲摘要：

自旋流的产生和输运是自旋电子学的核心，这一技术相关领域利用电子自旋而非仅靠电荷来携带和操纵信息。传统上，电学自旋注入以及电荷流与自旋流的分离依赖于铁磁体（其中自旋极化源于净磁化），或依赖于自旋霍尔效应等相对论效应。

研究者展示了来自Mn5Si3—— 一种净磁化消失的补偿磁体的自旋注入。利用横向自旋阀器件，他们从Mn5Si3向非磁性沟道电学注入自旋，并在空间分离的铁磁电极处检测到其传播。

在Mn5Si3的时间反演磁态之间切换会反转检测到的自旋信号，证明该自旋注入打破了时间反演对称性。这种行为在两种不同的电偏压几何构型中均被观察到，提供了区别于传统铁磁注入和自旋霍尔注入的特征性签名。

对称性分析、第一性原理计算和自旋输运建模表明，该观测结果与Mn5Si3的交替磁序一致，其中尽管不存在净磁化，仍可产生自旋极化电流。

计算得出自旋极化率为6.5%~10%，与传统铁磁体相当，而实验的自旋输运建模表明自旋扩散长度为50-130纳米。

研究结果为补偿磁体能够产生由其磁序控制的自旋流提供了实验证据，并证明Mn5Si3的交替磁性质使得无需净磁化即可实现自旋电子学功能。

▲ Abstract：

The generation and transport of spin currents are central to spintronics, a technologically relevant field in which information is carried and manipulated using the electron spin rather than solely the electrical charge. Conventionally, electrical spin injection and the separation of charge and spin currents rely either on ferromagnets, in which spin polarization originates from a net magnetization, or on relativistic effects such as the spin Hall effect. Here we demonstrate spin injection from Mn5Si3, a compensated magnet with vanishing net magnetization. Using lateral spin-valve devices, we electrically inject spins from Mn5Si3 into a non-magnetic channel and detect their propagation at a spatially separated ferromagnetic electrode. Switching between time-reversed magnetic states of Mn5Si3 reverses the detected spin signal, demonstrating that the spin injection breaks time-reversal symmetry. This behaviour is observed for two distinct electrical-biasing geometries, providing a characteristic signature that differs from conventional ferromagnetic and spin-Hall injection. Symmetry analysis, first-principles calculations and spin-transport modelling show that our observations are consistent with the altermagnetic order of Mn5Si3, in which spin-polarized currents can arise despite the absence of net magnetization. The calculations yield spin polarizations of 6.5–10%, comparable to those of conventional ferromagnets, whereas the spin-transport modelling of the experiments indicates spin diffusion lengths of 50–130?nm. Our results provide experimental evidence that a compensated magnet can generate spin currents controlled by its magnetic order and demonstrate that the altermagnetic properties of Mn5Si3 enable spintronic functionality without net magnetization.

健康Health

The anatomy of a personal health agent

个人健康智能体的解剖结构

▲ 作者：A. Ali Heydari, Ken Gu, Vidya Srinivas, Hong Yu, Akshay Paruchuri, Zhihan Zhang, Yuwei Zhang, Qian He, Hamid Palangi, Nova Hammerquist, Ahmed A. Metwally, Brent Winslow, Yubin Kim, Kumar Ayush, Yuzhe Yang, Girish Narayanswamy, Maxwell A. Xu, Jake Garrison, Samuel Schmidgall, Amy Armento Lee, Jenny Vafeiadou, Ben Graef, Isaac R. Galatzer-Levy, Erik Schenck, Xuhai Orson Xu

▲链接：

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11161-8

▲摘要：

大语言模型正在催生新一代健康智能体，但其在日常生活健康场景中满足个体多样化需求的能力仍研究不足。

研究者开发了一个全面的个人健康智能体，可对来自消费级健康设备和医疗记录的多模态数据进行推理，以提供个性化健康支持。

通过分析网络搜索和健康论坛查询，并结合涉及终端用户和健康专家的以用户为中心的研究，研究者确定了四条关键用户旅程：一般健康知识、个人数据解读、健康建议和症状评估。

这些旅程指导了三个专家子智能体的设计：（1）数据科学智能体，分析纵向可穿戴设备和医疗数据，并结合人群层面统计数据为数值洞察提供背景；（2）健康领域专家智能体，将个人和上下文数据与健康知识相结合以生成个性化洞察；（3）健康教练智能体，综合洞察、支持多轮交互和目标设定、应用特定心理策略并跟踪进展。

研究者将这些能力整合到个人健康智能体中，这是一个用于动态、个性化健康交互的开源多智能体框架。他们使用自动化评估和人工评估，在11项基准任务中对各子智能体和完整系统进行了评估，健康专家和终端用户共提供了7000余条标注和1350小时的工作量。

这是迄今为止对个人健康智能体最全面的评估，为更广泛地改善高质量个性化健康支持的可及性提供了坚实基础。

▲ Abstract：

Large language models are enabling a new generation of health agents, yet their ability to address the diverse needs of individuals in everyday health settings remains underexplored. Here we developed a comprehensive personal health agent that reasons over multimodal data from consumer wellness devices and medical records to provide personalized health support. Through analysis of web search and health forum queries, together with user-centred research involving end users and health experts, we identified four key user journeys: general health knowledge, personal data interpretation, wellness advice, and symptom assessment. These journeys informed three specialist sub-agents: (1) a data science agent that analyses longitudinal wearable and medical data, incorporating population-level statistics to contextualize numerical insights; (2) a health domain expert agent that integrates personal and contextual data with health knowledge to generate personalized insights; and (3) a health coach agent that synthesizes insights, supports multi-turn interaction and goal setting, applies specified psychological strategies and tracks progress. We integrated these capabilities in the personal health agent, an open-source multi-agent framework for dynamic, personalized health interactions. We evaluated the sub-agents and full system across 11 benchmark tasks using automated and human evaluation, with more than 7,000 annotations and 1,350?h of effort from health experts and end users. This represents the most comprehensive evaluation of a personal health agent thus far and provides a concrete foundation for improving access to high-quality personalized health support more broadly.

Evolution and heterogeneity of lethal metastatic bladder cancer subtypes

致死性转移性膀胱癌亚型的演化与异质性

▲ 作者：Pushpa Itagi, Samantha L. Schuster, Sonali Arora, Thomas W. Persse, Jennifer A. Waters, Michael Yang, Alan Min, Pooja Chandra, Mohamed Adil, Patricia C. Galipeau, Dmytro Rudoy, Allie S. Kreitman, Yixin Lin, Minjeong Ko, Erolcan Sayar, Robert D. Patton, Lori Kollath, Abby Meis, Samuel Lindergren, Nathan Ji, Khursheed Ali, Hrishi Venkatesh, Cynthia L. Wladyka, A. Patrick McDeed, Gavin Ha

▲链接：

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11035-z

▲摘要：

组织学表型差异是转移性尿路上皮癌的一项预后特征，但其演化轨迹目前尚不明确。研究搭建了聚焦多种组织学亚型的转移性膀胱癌快速尸检研究项目，对终末期患者开展样本分析。

研究通过重建患者肿瘤的演化史发现，转移灶之间的相互播散是肿瘤扩散的主要模式，且多克隆迁移程度升高提示患者预后不良。

不同组织学亚型之间，基因组变异的负荷、异质性以及发生时间均存在显著差异。浆细胞样亚型与神经内分泌亚型会在病程早期出现驱动基因变异，对应患者生存期更短。

突变特征分析与实验模型证实：浆细胞样肿瘤会特异性激活范可尼贫血通路，以此减轻化疗造成的基因组损伤。单细胞核测序分析显示，各组织学亚型内部存在混合细胞状态，转录组异质性与患者生存期存在相关性。

肿瘤微环境解析发现不同亚型具备截然不同的免疫状态：浆细胞样肿瘤表现为免疫炎症型特征，而鳞状亚型肿瘤则以免疫抑制状态为主。

此外，研究证实，死后游离DNA可以反映各亚型的基因组与转录组异质性，这为无创评估肿瘤类型与侵袭程度提供了潜在手段。研究结果揭示了肿瘤异质性如何驱动膀胱癌各组织学亚型的疾病进展演化过程。

▲ Abstract：

Histological variation is a prognostic feature of metastatic urothelial cancer, but its evolutionary trajectory remains poorly defined. We developed a metastatic bladder cancer rapid autopsy programme enriched in histological subtypes to profile individuals with terminal disease. Here by reconstructing the evolutionary histories of patient tumours, we show that metastasis-to-metastasis seeding is the dominant pattern of cancer spread and that increased polyclonal migration predicts poor prognosis. The burden, heterogeneity and timing of genomic alterations differ markedly among histological subtypes. Plasmacytoid and neuroendocrine variants develop early driver alterations associated with shorter survival. Mutational signature analyses and experimental models demonstrated that plasmacytoid tumours uniquely use the Fanconi anaemia pathway to mitigate chemotherapy-induced genomic scarring. Single-nucleus profiling revealed mixed cell states in histological subtypes and an association between transcriptional heterogeneity and patient survival. Characterization of the tumour microenvironment uncovered distinct immune states across subtypes, with plasmacytoid tumours exhibiting immune-inflamed profiles, whereas squamous tumours are predominantly immunosuppressive. Last, we demonstrate that post-mortem cell-free DNA captures genomic and transcriptional heterogeneity of the subtypes, which provides a potential strategy for noninvasive assessment of tumour identity and aggressiveness. Our results provide new insights into how tumour heterogeneity shapes the evolutionary history of disease progression in bladder cancer histological subtypes.

地球物理Geophysics

The deep Earth origin of the Great Unconformity

大不整合面的深部地球起源

▲ 作者：Santosh Dhungana & Nicolas Flament

▲链接：

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11156-5

▲摘要：

大不整合面标志着一个全球广泛分布的侵蚀面，与寒武纪生命大爆发之前的气候转变和环境变迁相关联。为解释大不整合面形成而提出的过程包括雪球地球期间的冰川侵蚀、裂谷作用和地幔柱活动、海平面下降以及地幔驱动的动态地形。然而，这些过程的动力学尚未得到检验。

研究表明，由地幔对流引起的长波长动态地形所关联的大陆尺度隆升和沉降，驱动了大不整合面的形成和保存。该模型预测劳伦古陆、波罗的古陆和华北陆块在元古代晚期经历长期大陆尺度隆升，并在显生宙长期沉降。

这种垂向运动情景非常适合大不整合面的形成和保存，而大不整合面是深部地球过程的一级地表表现。预测的整个成冰纪期间长期大陆隆升会因冰川作用导致显著侵蚀。劳伦古陆面积广阔且边缘变形有限，解释了为何大不整合面在那里保存和记录得最好。

该模型预测的动态地形旋回大致反映在各大陆保存的沉积物体积中，并为理解寒武纪动物多样化的环境开辟了新途径。

▲ Abstract：

The Great Unconformity marks a globally extensive erosive surface linked to climatic shifts1 and environmental transitions that preceded the Cambrian explosion of life. The processes proposed to explain the formation of the Great Unconformity include glacial erosion during the Snowball Earth, rifting and plume activity, sea-level fall and mantle-driven dynamic topography. However, the dynamics of these processes have not been tested. Here we show that continental-scale uplift and subsidence associated with long-wavelength dynamic topography due to mantle convection drove the formation and preservation of the Great Unconformity. Our models predict prolonged continental-scale Neoproterozoic uplift and long-term Phanerozoic subsidence for Laurentia, Baltica and North China. This vertical motion scenario is ideal for the formation and preservation of the Great Unconformity, which is a first-order surface expression of deep Earth processes. The predicted prolonged continental uplift throughout Cryogenian times would have resulted in marked erosion due to the action of glaciers. The large area of Laurentia and limited deformation at its margins explain why the Great Unconformity is best preserved and documented there. Our models predict cycles of dynamic topography that are broadly reflected in preserved sediment volume across continents, and open new avenues for understanding the environments of Cambrian animal diversification.