编译｜冯维维

Science, 17 JAN 2025, VOLUME 387,ISSUE 6731

《科学》2025年1月17日，第387卷，6731期

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材料物理和生物物理

Material & Biological Physics

3D polycatenated architected

3D聚链化建筑材料

▲ 作者：WENJIE ZHOU, SUJEEKA NADARAJAH, LIUCHI LI, ANNA GUELL IZARD, HUJIE YAN, AASHUTOSH K. PRACHET, PAYAL PATEL, XIAOXING XIA, AND CHIARA DARAIO

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr9713

▲摘要：

建筑材料的特性来源于其内部结构元素的几何排列。他们的设计依靠连续的成员网络来控制整体的力学行为。研究者介绍了一类由离散的连接环或笼状颗粒联锁在三维网络中组成的材料，形成多联结构材料（PAM）。他们提出了一个通用的设计框架，将任意晶体网络转化为粒子连接和几何形状。

在响应小的外部载荷时，PAM表现得像非牛顿流体，表现出剪切变薄和剪切增厚的响应，这可以通过它们的阳离子拓扑结构来控制。在较大的应变下，PAM表现为晶格和泡沫，具有非线性应力—应变关系。在微观尺度上，研究证明了PAM可以改变其形状以响应施加的静电荷。PAM的独特特性为开发刺激响应材料、能量吸收系统和变形结构铺平了道路。

▲ Abstract：

Architected materials derive their properties from the geometric arrangement of their internal structural elements. Their designs rely on continuous networks of members to control the global mechanical behavior of the bulk. In this study, we introduce a class of materials that consist of discrete concatenated rings or cage particles interlocked in three-dimensional networks, forming polycatenated architected materials (PAMs). We propose a general design framework that translates arbitrary crystalline networks into particle concatenations and geometries. In response to small external loads, PAMs behave like non-Newtonian fluids, showing both shear-thinning and shear-thickening responses, which can be controlled by their catenation topologies. At larger strains, PAMs behave like lattices and foams, with a nonlinear stress-strain relation. At microscale, we demonstrate that PAMs can change their shapes in response to applied electrostatic charges. The distinctive properties of PAMs pave the path for developing stimuli-responsive materials, energy-absorbing systems, and morphing architectures.

Stereomicrostructure-regulated biodegradable adhesives

立体微结构调节的可生物降解胶粘剂

▲ 作者：ZHEN ZHANG, ETHAN C. QUINN, JACOB K. KENNY, ALEXANDRA GRIGOROPOULOS, JASON S. DESVEAUX, TIFFANY CHEN, LI ZHOU, TING XU, GREGG T. BECKHAM, AND EUGENE Y.-X. CHEN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr7175

▲摘要：

从胶带到胶水，粘合剂被广泛应用于各种场合。大多数是典型的石油基热固性网络或不可生物降解的热塑性热熔胶。研究者使用一组钇基、镧基和磷基催化剂合成了一系列具有不同分子量、微观结构和战术的聚合物——聚3-羟基丁酸酯（P3HBs）。

非晶聚合物往往更粘，但也更弱，而晶体聚合物在流动和填充表面不规则性方面很差，而这是形成强键的关键。研究者发现，半结晶的富二代P3HB不仅提供了最好的附着力，而且还优于许多商业替代品。由于P3HBs能够由细菌产生，并且可以生物降解，因此有可能以可持续的方式生产这些粘合剂。

▲ Abstract：

From tapes to glues, adhesives are used in a wide range of applications and situations. Most are typically petroleum-based thermoset networks or nonbiodegradable thermoplastic hot melts. Zhang et al. used a set of yttrium-, lanthanum-, and phosphorus-based catalysts to synthesize a series of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) polymers (P3HBs) with different molecular weights, microstructures, and tacticities. Amorphous polymers tend to be stickier but also weaker, whereas crystalline ones are poor at flowing and filling surface irregularities, which is key to forming a strong bond. The authors found that semicrystalline syndio-rich P3HB not only provides the best adhesion, but can also outperform many commercial alternatives. Because P3HBs are able to be produced by bacteria and can be biodegradable, it may be possible to produce these adhesives in a sustainable way.

生物学Biology

A panoramic view of cell population dynamics in mammalian aging

哺乳动物衰老过程中细胞种群动态的全景视图

▲ 作者：ZEHAO ZHANG, CHLOE SCHAEFER, WEIRONG JIANG, ZIYU LU, JASPER LEE, ANDRAS SZIRAKI, ABDULRAOUF ABDULRAOUF, BRITTNEY WICK, MAXIMILIAN HAEUSSLER, AND JUNYUE CAO

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn3949

▲摘要：

衰老是一个复杂的过程，导致组织和细胞类型的功能变化。利用单核RNA测序，这些变化开始被记录在整个生物体的生命周期中。Zhang等人在一种常用的小鼠品系和两种免疫缺陷品系及其野生型对应品系中生成了跨越多个时间点的细胞图谱，并对这些时间点上细胞群体的变化和细胞类型内表达的变化进行了分类。

在研究免疫补体减少的作用时，作者发现，在缺乏这些成年淋巴细胞的情况下，某些肠上皮细胞数量增加。这项研究为研究衰老的研究人员提供了资源，特别是在免疫缺陷的背景下。

▲ Abstract：

Aging is a complex process that results in functional changes across tissues and cell types. These changes are beginning to be documented across organismal lifespans using single-nuclei RNA sequencing. Zhang et al. generated cell atlases across multiple time points in both a commonly used mouse strain and two immunodeficient strains and their wild-type counterparts, cataloging changes in cell populations and expression changes within cell types over these time points. Investigating the role of a diminished immune complement, the authors found that certain intestinal epithelial populations increased in the absence of these adult lymphocytes. This study provides a resource for researchers studying aging, particularly in the context of immunodeficiency.

Evolution of interorganismal strigolactone biosynthesis in seed plants

种子植物间独角麦内酯生物合成的进化

▲ 作者：ANQI ZHOU, ANNALISE KANE, SHENG WU, KAIBIAO WANG, MICHELL SANTIAGO, YUI ISHIGURO, KAORI YONEYAMA, MALATHY PALAYAM, NITZAN SHABEK, AND YANRAN LI

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0779

▲摘要：

己糖内酯（SLs）是一种小的信号分子，参与与其他植物和土壤微生物的信号传递，并参与植物的生长发育。虽然对SL的功能作用已经有了很好的描述，但对种子植物中SL生物合成的进化却知之甚少。研究者利用合成生物学方法鉴定了细胞色素P450酶CYP722C的功能，该酶催化卡拉内酯酸（CLA）转化为标准SLs的关键步骤。

CYP722A是CYP722C的进化前身，可将CLA转化为非规范的SL-16-羟基CLA，主要存在于茎中，并参与控制茎的分支。16-羟基cla通过两种酶转化为其他可能的生物活性形式的SLs，因此CYP722A的生物合成被认为是典型SLs进化的关键步骤。

▲ Abstract：

Strigolactones (SLs) are small signaling molecules that are involved in signaling with other plants and soil microbes and in plant growth and development. Although the functional roles of SLs are well characterized, less is known about the evolution of SL biosynthesis in seed plants. Zhou et al. leveraged a synthetic biology approach to identify the function of a cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP722C, that catalyzes a critical step in the conversion of carlactonoic acid (CLA) to canonical SLs. CYP722A, an evolutionary predecessor of CYP722C, converts CLA into a noncanonical SL, 16-hydroxy-CLA, that is primarily detected in shoots and involved in control of shoot branching. 16-hydroxy-CLA is converted to other likely bioactive forms of SLs by two enzymes, so its biosynthesis by CYP722A is proposed to be a critical step in the evolution of canonical SLs.

气候Climate

Climate change and the cost-of-living squeeze in desert lizards

气候变化和沙漠蜥蜴的生存压力

▲ 作者：KRISTOFFER H. WILD, RAYMOND B. HUEY, ERIC R. PIANKA, SUSANA CLUSELLA-TRULLAS, ANTHONY L. GILBERT, DONALD B. MILES, AND MICHAEL R. KEARNEY

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq4372

▲摘要：

气候变暖可能导致变温动物的生活成本“挤压”，因为它增加了能量消耗，同时减少了觅食收益。研究者使用生物物理模型对非洲和澳大利亚沙漠中的10种生态多样性蜥蜴进行了验证，发现历史上的变暖（1950—2020年）在非洲比在澳大利亚更强烈，转化为对非洲昼夜活动物种的能量挤压。

虽然没有观察到对澳大利亚昼夜活动物种的净影响，但研究发现，变暖对夜间活动物种产生了能量“缓解”。未来变暖对非洲的影响将比澳大利亚更严重，需要增加食物摄取率（白天活动的物种每小时增加10%）。因此，气候变暖对沙漠蜥蜴能量收支的影响将是特定物种的，但可能是可预测的。

▲ Abstract：

Climate warming can induce a cost-of-living “squeeze” in ectotherms by increasing energetic expenditures while reducing foraging gains. We used biophysical models (validated by 2685 field observations) to test this hypothesis for 10 ecologically diverse lizards in African and Australian deserts. Historical warming (1950–2020) has been more intense in Africa than in Australia, translating to an energetic squeeze for African diurnal species. Although no net impact on Australian diurnal species was observed, warming generated an energetic “relief” (by increasing foraging time) for nocturnal species. Future warming impacts will be more severe in Africa than in Australia, requiring increased rates of food intake (+10% per hour active for diurnal species). The effects of climate warming on desert lizard energy budgets will thus be species-specific but potentially predictable.

Drought in a warmer, CO₂-rich climate restricts grassland water use and soil water mixing

温暖、富含二氧化碳的气候中，干旱限制了草地的用水和土壤水的混合

▲ 作者：JESSE RADOLINSKI, MATEVZ VREMEC, HERBERT WACHTER, STEFFEN BIRK, NICOLAS BRüGGEMANN, MARKUS HERNDL, ANSGAR KAHMEN, DANIEL B. NELSON, ANGELIKA KüBERT, AND MICHAEL BAHN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado0734

▲摘要：

土壤水维持着地球上的生命，但在气候变化的情况下，它的命运是不确定的。研究者进行了一项氘标记实验，以确定大气二氧化碳升高、变暖和干旱是否会影响温带草原土壤水分的储存和运输。与环境条件相比，升高的二氧化碳使根区更加湿润，而变暖则降低了土壤水分。

除了夏季干旱、气候变暖和二氧化碳浓度升高外，在所有全球变化处理中，土壤水分保持良好混合。这些组合处理使草地保持水分，限制土壤水分流向快速排水的大孔隙，而不与缓慢排水的小孔隙混合。研究结果表明，在更温暖、更富二氧化碳的气候条件下，干旱会通过限制干旱后土壤水流和草地水分利用来严重改变草地生态水文。

▲ Abstract：

Soil water sustains terrestrial life, yet its fate is uncertain under a changing climate. We conducted a deuterium labeling experiment to determine whether elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), warming, and drought impact soil water storage and transport in a temperate grassland. Elevated CO₂ created a wetter rootzone compared with ambient conditions, whereas warming decreased soil moisture. Soil water remained well mixed in all global change treatments except for summer drought combined with warming and elevated CO₂. These combined treatments caused the grassland to conserve water and restricted soil water flow to large, rapidly draining pores without mixing with small, slowly draining pores. Our results suggest that drought in a warmer, more CO₂-rich climate can severely alter grassland ecohydrology by constraining postdrought soil water flow and grassland water use.